Estrés y espiritualidad relacionado con la sobrecarga en cuidadores de adultos mayores con dependencia total / Stress and Spirituality Related to Overload in Caregivers of Totally Dependent Older Adults

Introducción: La población adulta mayor requiere atención por los cambios del envejecimiento, la atención que los cuidadores otorgan al adulto mayor dependiente suele generar estrés; los cuidadores recurren a la espiritualidad para afrontar la sobrecarga y estresores del cuidado. Objetivo: Relacionar el estrés y la espiritualidad con la sobrecarga en cuidadores de adultos mayores con dependencia total. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional en una población de cuidadores de adultos mayores de un centro comunitario de jurisdicción sanitaria en Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México, entre enero y julio del 2021. Muestra de 75 participantes para una población infinita, se aplicó muestreo por conveniencia. Se aplicó una cédula de datos personales, la Escala de Estrés Percibido, el Cuestionario de Espiritualidad y la Escala de Zarit. Los datos se analizaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión-21, se utilizó estadística descriptiva y se realizó correlación de Spearman. Resultados: El 56 por ciento de los cuidadores son hijos o hijas del adulto mayor dependiente, en promedio tuvieron 5,21 (DE= 3,68) horas al día dedicadas al cuidado y 7,67 (DE= 2,28) meses. Se encontró relación entre el estrés y la sobrecarga del cuidador (rs= 0,462; p= 0,000), no hubo relación entre la espiritualidad global y la sobrecarga del cuidador (rs= -0,169; p= 0,147). Conclusiones: A pesar de que la relación entre la espiritualidad global y la sobrecarga del cuidador no fue significativa, se observó relación entre el estrés y sobrecarga del cuidador(AU)

Introduction: The older adult population requires attention because of the changes as a result of aging. The caregivers' attention provided to dependent older adults often produces stress. Caregivers turn to spirituality to cope with the overload and stressors of caregiving. Objective: To relate stress and spirituality with overload in caregivers of totally dependent older adults. Methods: A descriptive and correlational study was conducted with a population of caregivers of older adults from a community health jurisdiction center in Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, between January and July 2021. Through convenience sampling, 75 participants made up a sample obtained as an infinite population. A personal data questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Spirituality Questionnaire and the Zarit scale were applied. The data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS (version 21), descriptive statistics were used and Spearman's correlation was performed. Results: 56 percent of the caregivers were children to dependent older adults, who were, on average, 5.21 (SD = 3.68) daily hours or 7.67 (SD = 2.28) months dedicated to caregiving. A relationship was found between stress and caregiver overload (rs= 0.462; p= 0.000). There was no relationship between overall spirituality and caregiver overload (rs= -0.169; p= 0.147). Conclusions: Although the relationship between overall spirituality and caregiver overload was not significant, there was a relationship between stress and caregiver overload(AU)

Percepción de riesgo para VIH y sexo seguro en migrantes de la frontera norte de México / HIV risk perception and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico

Introducción: En el año 2019 se detectaron 9.828 nuevos casos de VIH y 5.825 de sida en México, la población migrante es considerada de alta vulnerabilidad, lo cual se presume se debe a las condiciones desfavorables en su tránsito por el país. Una variable de importancia en el contexto de la salud sexual es la percepción que puedan llegar a tener sobre estar o no en riesgo, un estudio de percepción de contraer el VIH puede tener implicaciones importantes para la salud.Objetivo: Describir la asociación entre la percepción de riesgo para VIH y el sexo seguro en migrantes de la frontera norte de México.Métodos: El diseño fue correlacional predictivo y transversal, muestra de 302 migrantes de dos ciudades de fronterizas de Tamaulipas, muestreo probabilístico aleatorio sistemático.Resultados: Se encontró que cerca del 90% fueron varones con una media de edad de (M = 33,25, DE = 9,62) años, en general los migrantes tienen baja percepción de riesgo para VIH y esta se correlacionó con el sexo seguro (rs = -0,134, p = 0,020), además, un análisis de regresión demostró que la percepción de riesgo para VIH tiene un efecto predictivo sobre el sexo seguro (β = -0,143, F = 6,27 [gl =1, 300], p = 0,013)Conclusión: Los migrantes son un grupo que requiere de interés en el ámbito de la investigación relacionada con la sexualidad, a pesar de ser un grupo vulnerable e identificado como de riesgo. Es poca su percepción acerca de adquirir VIH, esta variable debe ser considerada de importancia en futuras investigaciones en el ámbito sexual de los migrantes, debido a que puede ser utilizada en conjunto con otras, a manera de modelo o bien como mediadora. (AU)

Introduction: In 2019, 9,828 new cases of HIV and 5,825 of AIDS were detected in Mexico, the migrant population is considered highly vulnerable, which is presumed to be due to unfavorable conditions in their transit through the country, an important variable in the context of sexual health is the perception that they may have about being or not at risk. A study of perception of contracting HIV can have important implications for health.Objective: To determine the association between the perception of risk for HIV and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico.Methods: The design was predictive correlational and cross-sectional, sample of 302 migrants from two border cities of Tamaulipas, systematic random probability sampling.Results: It was found that about 90% were men with a mean age of (M = 33,25, SD = 9,62) years, in general, migrants have a low perception of risk for HIV and this was correlated with safe sex (rs = -,134, p =,020), furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the perception of risk for HIV has a predictive effect on safe sex (β = -, 143, F = 6,27 [gl=1,300], p = 0,013),Conclusion: Migrants are a group that requires interest in the field of research related to sexuality, despite being a vulnerable group and identified as at risk, their perception of acquiring HIV is low, this variable should be considered of importance in future research in the sexual field of migrants, because it can be used in conjunction with others as a model or as a mediator. (AU)

Actividad física durante el fin de semana en estudiante de una escuela primaria de Tamaulipas / Physical activity during the weekend by students at a Primary School in Tamaulipas

Objetivo: determinar el nivel y los tipos de actividad física de estudiantes de cuarto a sexto curso de una escuela primaria de Tamaulipas (México) durante el fin de semana. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en el curso escolar 2017/2018. La población la conformaron todas las personas matriculadas de cuarto a sexto curso en la escuela primaria General César López de Lara. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 100 escolares. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, el tipo de actividad física mediante la “Encuesta de Actividad Física” que incluye 33 tipos de actividad y el nivel de actividad, en función del número de pasos diarios durante el fin de semana (sedentaria, leve, medianamente activa, activa, actividad alta). Se realizó estadística descriptiva y bivariante. Resultados: participaron 100 estudiantes, el 54% fue niña. Un 34% presentaba obesidad. La media de pasos en fin de semana fue de 15.821,58 pasos. El 41% presentó actividad sedentaria y el 10% leve, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos. Las actividades que más efectuaron durante el fin de semana fueron: entre las fuertes, correr (70%) o subir escaleras rápidamente (47%); entre las moderadas, el juego del avión (15%) o la caminata rápida (35%); entre las ligeras, el aseo personal (99%) junto a tareas domésticas (65%) y entre las muy ligeras, ver televisión (99%). Conclusiones: la media de pasos superaba las recomendaciones; sin embargo, hubo un 51% de participantes con sedentarismo o actividad leve. Es necesario implementar acciones eficaces para disminuir la proporción de estudiantes con baja actividad física el fin de semana.(AU)

Objective: to determine the level and types of physical activity by students in their fourth to sixth years at a Primary School in Tamaulipas (Mexico) during the weekend. Methodology: a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the 2017/2018 school year. The population included all persons enrolled in the fourth to sixth grades in the General César López de Lara Primary School. The sample size was calculated at 100 students. Sociodemographic variables were calculated, as well as the type of physical activity through the “Physical Activity Survey” which includes 33 types of activity and the level of activity, based on the number of daily steps taken during the weekend (sedentary, mild, moderately active, active, high activity). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were conducted. Results: one hundred (100) students participated; 54% were girls, and 34% of them presented obesity. The mean steps during the weekend were 15,821.58; 41% of participants presented sedentary activity and 10% mild, without statistically significant differences by gender. The activities more frequent during the weekend were: running (70%) or going up stairs fast (47%) among the vigorous; the airplane game (15%) or fast walking (35%) among the moderate activities; personal hygiene (99%) together with housework (65%) among the light ones, and watching television among the extremely light activities (99%). Conclusions: the mean steps exceeded recommendations; however, 51% of participants presented sedentarism or mild activity. It is necessary to implement effective actions to reduce the proportion of students with low physical activity during the weekend.(AU)

[HIV risk perception and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico]. / Percepción de riesgo para VIH y sexo seguro en migrantes de la frontera norte de México.

INTRODUCTION: In 2019, 9,828 new cases of HIV and 5,825 of AIDS were detected in Mexico, the migrant population is considered highly vulnerable, which is presumed to be due to unfavorable conditions in their transit through the country, an important variable in the context of sexual health is the perception that they may have about being or not at risk. A study of perception of contracting HIV can have important implications for health. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the perception of risk for HIV and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico. METHODS: The design was predictive correlational and cross-sectional, sample of 302 migrants from two border cities of Tamaulipas, systematic random probability sampling. RESULTS: It was found that about 90% were men with a mean age of (M = 33,25, SD = 9,62) years, in general, migrants have a low perception of risk for HIV and this was correlated with safe sex (rs = -,134, p =,020), furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the perception of risk for HIV has a predictive effect on safe sex (ß = -, 143, F = 6,27 [gl=1,300], p = 0,013), CONCLUSION: Migrants are a group that requires interest in the field of research related to sexuality, despite being a vulnerable group and identified as at risk, their perception of acquiring HIV is low, this variable should be considered of importance in future research in the sexual field of migrants, because it can be used in conjunction with others as a model or as a mediator.

Conciencia acerca del virus del papiloma humano y cáncer cervicouterino como predictor de actitudes hacia el control del virus en mujeres portadoras / Awareness of the Human Papilloma Virus and cervical cancer as predictor of attitudes towards virus control in female carriers

Objetivo: identificar la conciencia acerca del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y cáncer cervicouterino (CaCu) como predictor de la actitud hacia el diagnóstico y control del VPH en mujeres portadoras.Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal. La población fueron mujeres portadoras del VPH del noreste de México, a través de un muestreo por conveniencia. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y se utilizaron distintos instrumentos para obtener información sobre la conciencia acerca del VPH y CaCU, conocimiento acerca del VPH, actitud hacia el diagnóstico y control del VPH, machismo sexual y estigma para el VPH. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva. Se buscaron correlaciones entre las variables estudiadas. Se llevó a cabo una regresión lineal. Se usó el paquete estadístico SPSS.Resultados: se contó con una muestra de 201 participantes, con edad media de 30 años (DE= 13,12). El 40,3% (n= 81) tenía estudios universitarios. El 75,1% (n=151) afirmó contar con relación sexual estable. Se encontró una relación positiva y estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,01) entre la variable actitud hacia el VPH y conciencia acerca del VPH y CaCu. De los cuatro modelos encontrados, el modelo de la conciencia acerca del VPH y CaCU influyó de manera directa en la actitud hacia el diagnóstico y control del VPH (B=0,23, F[4,196]=21,32, p= 0,01).Conclusión: tener un diagnóstico positivo puede ocasionar pensamientos fatalistas, pero si la mujer logra hacer conciencia su actitud y pensamientos estarán enfocados en buscar apoyo clínico y psicológico para enfrentar la realidad que conlleva ser portadora de VPH.(AU)

Objective: to understand the awareness of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer (CC) as predictor of the attitude towards HPV diagnosis and control in female carriers.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. The study population consisted in female HPV carriers from North-East Mexico, through convenience sampling. Sociodemographic variables were collected, and different tools were used to obtain information about the awareness of HPV and CC, knowledge of HPV, attitude towards HPV diagnosis and control, sexism, and stigma attached to HPV. Descriptive statistics was applied. There was a search for correlations among the variables studied. Linear regression was conducted. The SPSS statistical package was used.Results: there was a sample of 201 participants, with 30 years as mean age (SD= 13.12); 40.3% (n= 81) of them had university education, and 75.1% (n=151) claimed to be in a stable sexual relationship. A positive and statistically significant relationship (p < 0.01) was found between the variables Attitude towards HPV and Awareness of HPV and CC. From the four models found, the model Awareness of HPV and CC had direct impact on Attitude towards HPV diagnosis and control (B=0.23, F [4,196] =21.32, p= 0.01).Conclusion: having a positive diagnosis can generate fatalistic thoughts, but if the woman achieves awareness, her attitude and thoughts will be focused on searching for clinical and psychological support in order to face the reality entailed by being a HPV carrier.(AU)

Función sensorial y cognición en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica / Sensory function and cognition in older adults with chronic disease

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre función sensorial y cognición en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio correlacional en 98 adultos mayores de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. La función sensorial se valoró a través de la medición del gusto, olfato y tacto o sensibilidad de los pies. Se aplicó la prueba de MoCA para la evaluación cognitiva. Los datos se analizaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS-20, se aplicó la prueba de Correlación de Spearman. Resultados: La cognición se relacionó positivamente con el gusto (rs=0.336; p=0.001), el olfato (rs=0.297; p=0.003), sensibilidad del pie izquierdo (rs=0.380; p=0.000) y sensibilidad del pie derecho (rs=0.256; p=0.011). Conclusiones: La función cognitiva y sensorial de los adultos mayores, se convierte en un escenario que puede orientar en la toma de decisiones, para intervenciones en la cronicidad y desarrollo de políticas públicas.

Abstract Objective: to determine the association between sensory function and cognition in elder adults with chronic disease. Materials and Methods: Correlational study in 98 elder adults from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Sensory function was assessed through the measurement of taste, smell and touch or sensitivity of the feet. The MoCA test was applied for cognitive evaluation. The data was analyzed in the statistical package SPSS-20, the Spearman Correlation test was applied : cognition was positively related to taste (rs = 0.336; p=0.001), smell (rs = 0.297; p = 0.003), sensitivity of the left foot (rs = 0.380; p = 0.000) and sensitivity of the right foot (rs = 0.256; p = 0.011). Conclusions: The cognitive and sensory function of elder adults becomes a scenario that can guide decision-making for interventions in chronicity and development of public policies.

Percepción del cuidado en estudiantes de Enfermería / Perception of Caring among Nursing students

OBJETIVO: describir la conceptualización del cuidado de los estudiantes de Enfermería de la promoción 2013-2017 de la Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Matamoros (Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. México). MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado entre septiembre y octubre de 2018. En función de un listado de 213 estudiantes se calculó una muestra de 138 personas, que fueron seleccionadas mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas (sexo, edad) y las cinco conceptualizaciones del cuidado de Morse medidas con la Escala de Evaluación del Significado del Cuidar: característica personal humana, imperativo moral, afecto, relación interpersonal e intervención terapéutica (mínima conceptualización 9 a máxima 45 puntos). Se realizaron índices de estadística descriptiva y contraste de hipótesis para la comparación de medias. RESULTADOS: participaron 138 estudiantes (76,1% mujeres; 84,1% entre 21 y 25 años). La conceptualización con mayor media fue el cuidado como intervención terapéutica (media ()= 40,3; desviación estándar (DE)= 4,5), seguido del cuidado como relación interpersonal (= 39,3; DE= 4,5) y como característica personal (= 39,3; DE= 4,2). El menor grado de acuerdo se encontró respecto al cuidado como imperativo moral (= 37,8; DE= 4,2) y como afecto (= 37,1; DE= 4,3). Estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p= 0,000). CONCLUSIONES: las docentes han de reflexionar sobre la educación que se está brindando a los futuros profesionales, ya que serán quienes proporcionarán un cuidado de calidad y calidez. Para que pueda darse un cuidado holístico y reafirmarse la profesión como ciencia y arte deben ser reforzadas las conceptualizaciones con menor puntuación: el cuidado como imperativo moral y como afecto

OBJECTIVE: to describe the conceptualization of care by Nursing students from the 2013-2017 years at the Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Matamoros (Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Mexico). METHOD: a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between September and October, 2018. Based on a list of 213 students, a sample of 138 persons was estimated, who were selected through simple random sampling. Sociodemographic variables were analyzed (gender, age), as well as the five Conceptualizations of Caring by Morse, measured with the Assessment Scale of the Meaning of Caring: Human Personal Characteristic, Moral Imperative, Affection, Interpersonal Relationship and Therapeutic Intervention (minimum conceptualization of 9 to a maximum 45 points). Descriptive statistical indexes were conducted, as well as hypothesis contrasting for comparison of means. RESULTS: the study included 138 participants (76.1% female; 84.1% were 21-to-25-year old). The conceptualization with the highest mean score was Care as Therapeutic Intervention (mean ()= 40.3; standard deviation (SD)= 4.5), followed by Care as Interpersonal Relationship (= 39.3; SD= 4.5) and as Personal Characteristic (= 39.3; SD= 4.2). The lowest level of agreement was found regarding Care as Moral Imperative (= 37.8; SD= 4.2) and as Affection (= 37.1; SD= 4-3). These differences were statistically significant (p= 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: teachers must reflect about the education they are offering to future professionals, because they will be the ones to provide good-quality and warm care. In order to offer holistic care and strengthen the profession as a science and an art, those conceptualizations with lower scores should be reinforced: care as Moral Imperative and as Affection

Hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores relacionados con hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica. Material y Método. Estudio correlacional de corte transversal en 200 adultos mayores de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. El trabajo de campo se realizó en el primer semestre de 2019 y mediante un cuestionario ex profeso, se midieron los hábitos alimentarios y actividad física. Se usaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para variables continuas; frecuencias y porcentajes para variables cualitativas; prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov con corrección de Lilliefors para determinar distribución de variables numéricas; coeficientes de correlación de Spearman para relaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas, enfermedad crónica, hábitos alimenticios y actividad física. El estudio fue aprobado por los comités de ética e investigación (FAEN-D-912). Resultados: El consumo de refrescos (p= ,039), legumbres (p= ,001) y pescado (p= ,005) se relacionó con la escolaridad; la ingesta de agua (p= ,007), legumbres (p< ,001) y escolaridad (p< ,001) se relacionó con la edad; la caminata por semana (p< ,001) y minutos que dedican a caminar (p< ,001) se relacionó con el consumo de agua. Conclusiones. La alimentación y la actividad física en los adultos mayores son importantes para la prevención y control de las enfermedades crónicas y otro tipo de enfermedades. Los resultados de este estudio reflejan la urgencia de intervenir en etapas tempranas para enfatizar hábitos de una alimentación balanceada y la práctica regular de actividad física asociada a la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the factors related to eating habits and physical activity in older adults with chronic disease. Material and Method: Cross-sectional correlational study, carried out with 200 older adults from Matamoros, Tamaulipas State, Mexico. The field work was conducted in the first semester of 2019 and eating habits as well as physical activity were measured using an ex profeso questionnaire. Different measures were used: central tendency and dispersion for continuous variables; frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction to determine distribution of numerical variables; Spearman's correlation coefficients for relationships among sociodemographic variables, chronic disease, eating habits and physical activity. The study was approved by the ethics and research committees FAEN-D-912. Results: The consumption of soft drinks (p= .039), legumes (p= .001) and fish (p= .005) were related to schooling; water intake (p= .007), legumes (p< 001) and schooling (p< .001) were related to age; walking per week (p< .001) and walking minutes (p< .001) were related to water consumption. Conclusions: Diet and physical activity in older adults are important for the prevention and control of chronic diseases and other diseases. The results of this study reflect the urgency of early intervention to emphasize balanced eating habits and the regular practice of health-related physical activity.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar os fatores relacionados aos hábitos alimentares e atividade física em idosos com doença crónica. Material e Método: Estudo correlacional transversal em 200 idosos de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. O trabalho de campo foi realizado no primeiro semestre de 2019 e por meio de um questionário deliberado foram mensurados os hábitos alimentares e a atividade física. Medidas de tendência central e dispersão foram utilizadas para variáveis contínuas; frequências e percentuais para variáveis qualitativas; teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov com correção de Lilliefors para determinar a distribuição das variáveis numéricas; coeficientes de correlação de Spearman para relações entre variáveis sociodemográficas, doença crónica, hábitos alimentares e atividade física. O estudo foi aprovado pelos comitês de ética e pesquisa (FAEN-D-912). Resultados: O consumo de refrigerantes (p= .039), legumes (p= .001) e peixe (p= .005) foram relacionados à escolaridade; a ingestão de água (p = .007), leguminosas (p= .001) e escolaridade (p= .001) foram relacionadas à idade; a caminhada por semana (p< .001) e os minutos dedicados à caminhada (p< .001) estavam relacionados ao consumo de água. Conclusões: A alimentação e a atividade física em idosos são importantes para a prevenção e o controle de doenças crónicas e outros tipos de doenças. Os resultados deste estudo refletem a urgência de intervir nas fases iniciais para enfatizar os hábitos de uma alimentação equilibrada e a prática regular de atividade física associada à saúde.

Uso de la metodología Walker y Avant para análisis del concepto: envejecimiento activo / Use of the Walker and Avant methodology for concept analysis: active aging / Uso da metodologia Walker e Avant para análise de conceito: envelhecimento ativo

OBJETIVO: Analizar el concepto "envejecimiento activo" segun la propuesta de Walker y Avant. MÉTODO: El análisis de concepto se hizo a través de los ocho pasos propuestos por Walker y Avant. La investigación documental se aplicó en bases de datos Google Academic, EBSCO y MEDLINE, y páginas oficiales de organismos nacionales e internacionales. RESULTADOS: no existe una definición como tal excepto la definición de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, al parecer una definición que trasciende a la persona; además los indicadores empíricos que se han utilizado para evaluar el envejecimiento activo son diversos. CONCLUSIONES: Para enfermería sería de mayor utilidad promocionar un envejecimiento activo con una definición más individualizada y alcanzable para el adulto y un indicador para su medición

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the concept of "active aging" according to the proposal of Walker and Avant. METHOD: The concept analysis was done through the eight steps proposed by Walker and Avant. The documentary research was applied in Google Academic, EBSCO and MEDLINE databases, and official pages of national and international organizations. RESULTS: there is no definition as such except the definition of the World Health Organization, apparently a definition that transcends the person; In addition, the empirical indicators that have been used to assess active aging are diverse. CONCLUSIONS: It would be more useful for nursing to promote active aging with a more individualized and attainable definition for the adult and an indicator for its measurement

O envelhecimento ativo é umconceito atual e de importância transcendente para o setor saúde, pois sua importância permite a conscientização de toda a equipe de saúde e, principalmente, da enfermagem, disciplina que se caracteriza por participar de programas de prevenção e promoção de saúde. saúde, uma ação que pode influenciar essa faixa etária. Aprofundar a análise desse conceito fortalecerá o conhecimento e proporá estratégias para melhorar o cuidado de enfermagem

Conducta y hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes escolares / Behavior and eating habits in school students / Comportamento e hábitos alimentares em alunos do ensino básico / Conduites et habitudes alimentaires chez les écoliers

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la clasificación de conductas y hábitos alimentarios de estudiantes en etapa escolar mediante la exploración de once dimensiones. Materiales y métodos: Diseño cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal, población de interés 590 escolares de 6 a 12 años de edad, de la primaria Francisco Zarco, residentes de la ciudad de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas México. Muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, la muestra constituida por 243 participantes de 1° a 6° grado. Se utilizó el cuestionario para evaluar conductas y hábitos alimentarios en usuarios de la atención primaria de salud formado por 11 dimensiones, se clasificaron tres puntos de corte de acuerdo a percentiles, 1) <P25= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios deficientes; 2) P25 - P75= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios suficientes, y 3) >P75= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios saludables. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva (frecuencias y porcentajes) e inferencial (asociaciones). Resultados: 52.7% fueron de sexo masculino, 48.6% presentaron conducta y hábitos alimentarios suficientes. El sexo masculino presentó una relación con la conducta y los hábitos alimentarios (X2=11.11, p=.004), así como efecto predictivo (β= .307, F[1-241]= 11.516, p< .01). Conclusiones: Los hábitos alimentarios de los escolares representan una oportunidad para identificar conductas que puedan generar factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones relacionadas con nutrición inadecuada. Los participantes masculinos demostraron tener las conductas menos saludables y esto indica que son ellos los que representan mayor riesgo en el futuro.

Abstract Objective: To determine the classification of behaviors and eating habits of students in school stage through eleven dimensions. Materials and methods: Quantitative, non-experimental and transversal design, population of interest 590 schoolchildren aged from 6 to 12, Francisco Zarco elementary school, residents of the city of H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Simple random probabilistic sampling, the sample consisting of 243 participants from 1st to 6th grade. The questionnaire was used to evaluate behaviors and eating habits in users of primary health care formed by 11 dimensions, three cutoff points were classified according to percentiles, 1) <P25 = Poor behavior and eating habits; 2) P25 - P75 = Sufficient behavior and eating habits, and 3)> P75 = Healthy behavior and eating habits. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (associations) were used. Results: 52.7% were male, 48.6% showed sufficient behavior and eating habits. Male sex presented a relationship with behavior and eating habits (X2 = 11.11, p= .004), as well as predictive effect (β= .307, F[1-241] = 11,516, p<.01). Conclusions: The eating habits of schoolchildren represent an opportunity to identify behaviors that may generate risk factors for the development of complications related to inadequate nutrition. Male participants were shown to have less healthy behavior and this indicates that they represent the most risk in the future.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a classificação dos comportamentos alimentares e hábitos em alunos do ensino básico através de onze dimensões. Materiais e métodos: Desenho quantitativo, náo experimental e transversal, sendo a população de 590 alunos dos 6 aos 12 anos, da Escola Francisco Zarco, da cidade de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. A amostragem é probabilística aleatória simples, sendo a amostra constituída por 243 alunos do 1° ao 6° ano. Utilizou-se um questionário para avaliar os comportamentos e hábitos alimentares, em utentes dos cuidados de saúde primários, formado por 11 dimensoes e tres pontos de corte foram classificados de acordo com os percentis: 1) <P25 = Comportamento e hábitos alimentares pobres; 2) P25 - P75 = comportamento e hábitos alimentares suficientes e 3)> P75 = comportamento e hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Aplicou-se as estatísticas descritivas (frequências e percentagens) e estatísticas inferenciais (associações). Resultados: 52,7% dos inqueridos eram do sexo masculino, 48,6% apresentavam um comportamento e hábitos alimentares suficientes. Existe uma relação significativa entre o sexo masculino e os comportamentos e hábitos alimentares (X2= 11,11, p= 0,004), bem como um efeito preditivo (β= 0,307, F[1-241]= 11,516, p< 0,01). Conclusões: os hábitos alimentares dos alunos representam uma oportunidade para identificar comportamentos geradores de fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de complicações relacionadas com uma alimentação nutrição inadequada. Os inqueridos do sexo masculino demonstraram ter comportamentos menos saudáveis, sendo estes a população de maior risco no futuro.

Résumé Objectif: Déterminer la classification des conduites et des habitudes alimentaires des écoliers selon onze dimensions. Matériaux et méthodes: La conception de l'étude est quantitative, non expérimentale et transversale. La population cible est constituée de 590 éleves de l'école primaire Francisco Zarco, agés de 6 a 12 ans et résidents dans la ville de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, au Mexico. Un échantillonnage probabiliste aléatoire simple a permis de sélectionner 243 participants de la 1ere a la 6eme année. L'instrument utilisé a été le questionnaire pour évaluer les conduites et les habitudes alimentaires des utilisateurs de soins de santé primaires, composé de 11 dimensions. Trois points de coupures ont été établis en fonction des percentiles: 1) <P25 = conduite et habitudes alimentaires malsaines; 2) P25 - P75 = conduites et habitudes alimentaires suffisamment saines, et 3) > P75 = conduites et habitudes alimentaires particulierement saines. Des statistiques descriptives (fréquences et pourcentages) et inférentielles (associations) ont été utilisées. Résultats: Parmi les personnes interrogées, 52,7% étaient de sexe masculin et 48,6% ont indiqué une conduite et des habitudes alimentaires suffisamment saines. Une relation entre le sexe masculin et la conduite et les habitudes alimentaires a été établie (X2= 11,11; p= 0,004) ainsi qu'un effet prédictif (β = 0,307, F[1-241] = 11,516, p<0,01). Conclusions: L'étude des habitudes alimentaires des écoliers représentent une opportunité pour identifier les comportements qui peuvent constituer des facteurs de risque de complications liées a une alimentation inadéquate. Les participants masculins se sont avérés avoir des conduites moins saines, ce qui indique un plus grand risque pour l'avenir.

Facilitating and Inhibiting Factors of Sexual Behavior among Migrants in Transition from Mexico to the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the border region of Mexico due to the flow of migrants under desperate conditions, encouraging casual and unprotected sex. Since this has become a binational public health problem, it is important to understand the factors that predict these sexual behaviors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the facilitators and inhibitors of transition in the sexual behavior of migrants from two border regions on the Mexico-United States (US) border. METHODS: This was a predictive and cross-sectional study. A sample of 256 migrants in shelters for migrants on the border between Mexico and US were selected through systematic random sampling. Predictor variables investigated for effect on the safe sexual behavior (SSB) of the migrant were reasons for having sex; sexual attitudes; sexual machismo; knowledge about HIV; access to health services; and social discrimination. RESULTS: The sample was predominantly male (89.5%), with 46.1% reporting being single. The average age was 33.38 years (SD = 9.73) and the average number of years of education reported was 8.05 (SD = 3.37). A permissive sexual attitude and sexual machismo both correlated with condom use (rs = 0.130, p < 0.01 and rs = -0.174, p < 0.01, respectively). Regression analysis showed that a permissive sexual attitude decreased the practice of safe sex (ß = 0.17, t = 4.16, p < 0.001), as did sexual machismo (ß = -0.28, t = -4.83, p < 0.001) and HIV knowledge (ß = -0.11, t = -2.62, p = 0.006). DISCUSSION: It was found that access to health services did not influence the SSB of migrants, as suggested by the literature. However, a permissive sexual attitude, sexual machismo, and HIV knowledge were all variables capable of predicting SSB. It is recommended that the study is extended to study migrant populations from other parts of the border, as well undertaking as a qualitative approach to explore new variables.

Self-efficacy and Coping as Correlates of Migrant Safe Sexual Behavior to Prevent HIV.

Along the Mexico/United States border, migrants are at increased risk of HIV. The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between two process indicators (self-efficacy to prevent HIV and coping with sexual risk) and safe sexual behaviors in migrants. A correlational design was used. Migrants were recruited from two cities on the northern border of Mexico. Transition theory informed the measurement of self-efficacy and coping process indicators. Three generalized linear models were built for each safe sexual behavior outcome: (a) partner communication, (b) use of condoms, and (c) safe sex. Of 311 migrants, indicators of self-efficacy and coping with sexual risk were associated with all three outcome measures of safe sexual behavior (p < .05). Process indicators explained 22.5% to 30.6% of the variance in the data. Therefore, self-efficacy to prevent HIV and coping ability are important correlates of migrant sexual risk behavior.